美国国务院每个月都会公布包含移民签证发放名额信息的签证公告。移民签证名额取决于国会制定的限额,即每年外国人可以获得移民签证的名额上限。在基于雇佣关系的绿卡申请领域,国会每年会发放140,000个移民签证(绿卡)。基于雇佣关系的绿卡申请又分为五个优先领域:

  •  EB-1: 优先工作者(特别杰出的能力,优秀的教授和研究人员,跨国公
  •       司经理或高 管)
  •  EB-2:  拥有高等学历的专业人员和有特殊能力的人才
  •  EB-3:  技术工人,专业人员,以及非技术工人
  •  EB-4:  一些特殊移民包括宗教工作者
  •  EB-5:  投资移民

根据美国法典第8章第1153节的规定,任何一个国家的移民申请人不得超过任何一个领域的总名额的7%。

第五类基于雇佣关系的优先领域“EB-5”每年可以获得10,000移民签证。这10,000个名额及包括主申请人,也包括配偶及未满21岁子女。签证于每年10月1日(美国政府财政年度的开始日期)开始发放直至第二年9月30日。每年的10月1日,签证的名额都会重新调整。

为了处理名额限制,当年度名额用尽时,国务院会划定一个日期来决定发放移民签证的次序。国务院根据申请人的“优先日”来决定申请人何时可以申请移民签证或身份调整。申请人的“优先日”即为美国移民局收到他们I-526申请的日期。在下面的例子中,优先日位于投资人I-526批准通知的上方。

Example-Chinese

 

在这个例子中,申请人的优先日是2014年8月20日。申请人需要查阅国务院的签证公告来确定自己的优先日是否有效。如果申请人的优先日在公告中显示有效,即表示为字母“C”,则申请人可以通过自己国家美国使馆的使馆程序,或者通过向移民局申请I-485 身份调整如果I-526已经获得批准,来获得移民签证。如果申请人通过递交身份调整申请来申请绿卡,其必须在递交申请时持有有效的非移民签证。作为递交身份调整申请的一部分,在美国的申请人及受益人,可以获得工作许可,即“工作许可证”,也可以获得旅行许可,即“回美证”。

March Visa Bulletin-Chinese

除了要查看签证类别是否有效,申请人还应该确保他们并未出生在一个在该财政年度超过移民签证名额7%的国家。如果申请人出身在超过年度签证份额的国家,那么就要划分一个时间点来提交绿卡申请,即“排期”。如果发生排期,则申请人需要每个月都查看移民公告来确认他们在EB-5申请批准后是否可以递交绿卡申请。如果公告上列了一个日期,那么只有优先日早于或者就是那个日期的申请人可以递交绿卡申请。如果优先日晚于那个日期,那么申请入需要在下个月查看移民公告来确认其有效日是否有效。移民公告的日期或者向前递进,或者向后推迟,或者保持不变。这种变化会每月更新。移民公告是根据过去一个月中收到的绿卡申请以及每个领域剩余名额来确定的。同样,有时某个领域的日期可以向后推进如果其他领域的签证名额并未用尽,因为国务院可以将名额重新分配给名额紧缺的领域。例如,如果EB-1领域的名额没有用尽,可以将一部分名额重新分配给EB-5领域。

目前EB-5签证领域是有效的。然而,国务院于2015年1月透露他们预计EB-5优先日的排期会至少两年,即2013年5月。用上面的批准通知以及下面的签证公告来举例,我们来查看一个在中国大陆出生、EB-5优先日为2014年8月20日的申请人怎样来使用签证公告。申请人无法提交绿卡申请,因为EB-5领域的状态并非有效。事实上,预计至少要1年他们的优先日才会有效。对于新的EB-5申请人,根据目前的预测,似乎当中国排期在2015年下半年发生时,大部分申请人至少要等两年才可以递交绿卡申请

Sample Visa Bulletin-Chinese

 

同样,如果某个年度的全部签证名额用尽,那么签证公告中单独的领域中的状态便是无名额,表示为“U”。如果国务院决定本年度不再发放移民签证这种情形就会发生。请参考EB-4特定宗教工作者-中国大陆申请人。

虽然预计中国大陆申请人会发生排期,其他国家的申请人在I-526批准后依旧可以申请绿卡。出生在香港,台湾和澳门的申请人不会受排期的影响,只有中国大陆的申请人会面临排期。同样的,如果申请人和配偶一同申请而其配偶出生在非中国大陆地区,那么申请人可以视作配偶的国籍来进行绿卡申请。

虽然说排期对于中国的EB-5申请人来说即将发生,可是对于中国的EB-2和EB-3的申请人,有时排期会5至10年。从这个角度来讲,EB-5依然是一种加速绿卡申请,同时给与申请人很大的灵活性,使其在绿卡申请过程中并不需要依赖于雇主。

如果发生排期,对于在美国进行申请的申请人,虽然他们直到优先日生效才能申请绿卡,但是如果他们能够在排期之前递交身份调整申请,他们还是可以有一些办法来缓解排期带来的影响。首先,他们可以以“身份调整”申请人的身份留在美国而不需要其它非移民签证。他们的工作许可证和回美证会自动延期使他们能够工作和旅行,直至他们的申请被审理。如果优先日向后递延,他们的申请已经排在等候审理的序列中。

如果发生排期,对于申请使馆程序的申请人,国家签证中心和使馆会扣住案件直至优先日生效。即将年满21岁的子女可能会失去随父母申请移民的机会。他们能否申请取决于排期的时间。在这种情形下,他们可能需要作为主申请人独立提交EB-5移民申请或另寻其他途径申请绿卡。同样,排期一年或一年以上的申请人可能要在其优先日生效时提交更新的补充申请文件,例如最新无犯罪记录及体检报告。幸运的是对于已经向使馆递交DS-260表格和申请文件、并且已经获得使馆面试预约的申请人,他们的移民签证申请将会被审理并将获得绿卡,因为在预约面试的时候他们就已经获得了一个签证号码。对于那些不能马上审理的申请人,最新中美两国签证互惠协定允许他们获得10年多次往返签证,使得投资人在优先日未生效时获得临时签证往返于中美之间。

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Photo of Kate Kalmykov Kate Kalmykov

Kate Kalmykov is based in our New York and New Jersey offices and has over two decades of experience in business immigration matters. Kate currently Co-Chairs the Global Immigration & Compliance Practice at Greenberg Traurig. In this role, she works with employers of

Kate Kalmykov is based in our New York and New Jersey offices and has over two decades of experience in business immigration matters. Kate currently Co-Chairs the Global Immigration & Compliance Practice at Greenberg Traurig. In this role, she works with employers of all sizes across a variety of industries in understanding and complying with the immigration laws relating to the hiring and retention of foreign talent. Specifically, her practice focuses on supporting clients and advising them on temporary and permanent residency immigration options for multi-national executive, business, scientific, and information technology personnel. In addition, her practice provides support to companies in the global transfer of personnel. Known by her clients for her out-of-the-box thinking, responsiveness and hands-on approach, Kate is often called upon to assist in developing immigration options and strategies in the most unique circumstances and to respond to complex Requests for Evidence (RFEs), Notices of Intent to Deny (NOIDs) or to appeal denied cases. Likewise, she has also been instrumental in developing employer compliance programs for DOL related filings including H-1Bs and PERMs, as well as for I-9 employment eligibility verification. To this end, she develops and conducts nationwide I-9 compliance trainings and policy manuals for human resources personnel, advises on best practices for E-Verify employers, provides guidance on avoiding immigration-related unfair employment practices claims and has defended and minimized penalties in immigration-related government audits. Kate regularly works with professionals from the firm’s labor, employment, tax and benefits groups, to provide strategic planning on immigration issues within a cross-border framework.

Kate also has deep experience working on all aspects of the EB-5 immigrant investor program. Kate has worked with real estate developers, private equity funds, and other organizations on applications to designate new EB-5 Regional Centers, applications for pre-approval of EB-5 projects; having projects adopted by existing EB-5 Regional Centers; structuring projects to be EB-5 compliant, the sale of existing EB-5 Regional Centers, preparing template I-526 petitions and advice on structuring direct EB-5 projects. Pursuant to the requirements introduced under the EB-5 Reform and Integrity Act, Kate works with EB-5 Regional Centers, EB-5 Projects, Overseas Migration Agents and Broker/ Dealers to develop internal programs for ongoing compliance and to prepare USCIS I-956, I-956F, I-956,G, I-956H, I-956K submissions. Kate has represented thousands of investors in obtaining their green cards through EB-5 regional center projects, as well as direct EB-5 investment opportunities. She also represented and structured the largest EB-5 offering in the Program’s history and has over the course of her career structured over $12 billion in EB-5 deals.

Within the field of immigration law, Kate is a well-known speaker and author. She is often called upon by various media outlets to comment on topics of business immigration law including the Real Deal, the Wall Street Journal, and Law360. Kate has appeared on numerous TV programs related to immigration law including CNN, the Stoler Report, Vietface TV, and China Business Network. Kate is also a prolific writer on the topic of immigration and has been published in immigration practice handbooks for the American Bar Association, American Immigration Lawyers Association, ILW, and in news periodicals that include the New Jersey Lawyer, the New York Law Journal, the New Jersey Law Journal, USA Today, GlobeSt.com, and the Commercial Observer. At the request of the American Bar Association, Kate co-authored the book “What Every Lawyer Needs to Know About Immigration Law,” a guide for non-lawyers on immigration law practice. She has sat on numerous bar association related committees including the American Immigration Lawyers Association EB-5 Practice Committee, the New Jersey Business Immigration Coalition and has chaired the American Bar Association’s, Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, Section of Administrative Law since 2011. Kate has been recognized in various legal surveys including Chambers Global, New York Super Lawyers, the New Jersey Law Journal who ranked as her as a “New Leader of the Bar,” (formerly 40 under 40) in 2012, NJBIZ “Best 50 Women in Business,” 2019, National Law Review, “Go-To Thought Leader: Immigration Law,” 2022, and Lawdragon 500, Leading U.S. Corporate Employment Lawyers, 2020-2022.

Kate is devoted to pro bono matters and has spent extensive time helping clients fleeing conflict and persecution with asylum applications, applying for and obtaining Temporary Protected Status and Humanitarian Parole.